Wildlife endocrinology

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Wildlife endocrinology is the study of hormones in animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. Hormones control basic body functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, health, and overall well-being. Scientists measure hormones in different samples like blood, urine, feces, hair, and saliva. The choice of sample depends on what you want to learn, how easy collection is, and how the species processes and excretes hormones.

Non-invasive samples are preferred for wild animals, while both invasive and non-invasive methods can be used with captive animals. Studying hormones helps us understand how animals cope with changing environments and supports wildlife conservation. Field endocrine studies provide information on growth, stress, and reproductive status, helping predict how populations will respond to environmental change.

Endocrine endpoints can signal ecological stress or recovery and can be measured without harming the animal. Researchers gather data from plasma, tissues, urine, or feces to learn about an animal’s natural hormonal needs and development. Many species still lack basic endocrinology data, so conservation science combines fundamental research with applied field work and lab work.

Sampling choices depend on practicality. In captive settings, blood draws or tissue collection are easier but require restraining the animal. For wild animals, restraining or capturing can be difficult or impractical. Blood sampling can yield information on DNA, hormone levels, infections, and overall health, but it may cause stress and alter hormone measures. Therefore, non-invasive methods are often preferred for wild studies.

Common non-invasive samples that can be collected from both wild and captive animals include:
- Hair
- Feathers
- Urine
- Saliva
- Feces

These methods work across many animal groups, including reptiles, birds, mammals, and amphibians.