Focal lung pneumatosis

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Focal lung pneumatosis is an isolated pocket of air in the lung. It can show up as blebs, bullae, pulmonary cysts, or cavities.

Blebs and bullae: These are air-filled sacs with thin walls. The most common cause is a form of emphysema called paraseptal emphysema, though other types of emphysema can be involved.

Pulmonary cysts: Cysts are present in about 8% of people and are more common with aging. They are usually not linked to emphysema and may be aging-related, with only a small effect on how well the lungs transfer oxygen. If there are many cysts, doctors might check for other bullous or cystic lung diseases.

Cavities: Cavities are spaces formed when tissue dies and can be seen with certain infections or lung cancer. Infections commonly associated with cavities include tuberculosis (TB) and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Cavitating nodules without infection symptoms: If a cavitating lung nodule is found but there are no infection signs, cancer may be suspected and further tests are often needed.

Incidental findings: If focal lung pneumatosis is found on a CT scan without suspicious features, it usually does not require additional follow-up.