Babesiosis of dogs

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Babesiosis in dogs is an infection caused by tiny parasites called Babesia that live in red blood cells. They destroy these cells and can cause anemia. The illness is usually sudden and can be life-threatening if not treated. It is spread mainly by ticks, but can also be transmitted through blood transfusions; in rare cases it may pass from mother to puppy.

Several Babesia species can infect dogs. The most important are Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni, but other small Babesia species can also occur. The disease now appears in many regions where ticks are common, not just where dogs travel.

Common symptoms include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, pale gums, and weakness. As red blood cells break down, dogs may have dark urine, jaundice, and an enlarged liver or spleen. In severe cases there can be swelling, bleeding, seizures, or kidney problems.

Diagnosis is usually by looking for the parasite in a blood sample under a microscope or by testing the parasite’s DNA with a PCR test. Early in infection, blood tests may show low red blood cells and low platelets. Serology (antibody tests) is less useful in the very early stage.

treatment is with antiparasitic medicines. Imidocarb is commonly used, and diminazene is another option. Some Babesia types respond less well to treatment. In severe cases or chronic infections, a blood transfusion or supportive care may be needed. For chronic infections, a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin can be effective, and this combo may be used if resistance to other drugs occurs.

Prevention focuses on preventing tick bites: use effective tick preventives, check your dog for ticks after outings, and remove ticks promptly. There used to be a vaccine for certain Babesia canis strains, but it is no longer available.

The outlook improves with early treatment. Some dogs become carriers and may have relapses. As ticks spread to new areas, the risk to dogs in many regions has increased, including cases where dogs have not traveled away from home.