Water supply and sanitation in Israel

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Water supply and sanitation in Israel

Israel faces a climate with most rain falling in winter and mostly in the north. To ensure reliable water for homes, farms, and industry, the country uses a mix of traditional sources, desalination, and treated wastewater. By 2022, about 86% of drinkable water was produced by desalinating seawater.

Access and quality
- Nearly all people have access to improved water and sanitation.
- Drinking water quality has steadily improved and most tests meet standards.

Water sources and use
- The main drinking water now comes from desalinated seawater; groundwater and surface water are used as well.
- Israel reuses wastewater for agriculture and land improvement. About 80% of sewage is treated, and roughly 40% of treated wastewater is reused.
- The Jordan River, Sea of Galilee, and groundwater basins (like the Coastal and Mountain Aquifers) are important water sources.

Key institutions and planning
- Mekorot is the national water company that supplies bulk water and runs many desalination plants.
- The Water Authority regulates the sector. There are 52 regional water and sewer corporations serving municipalities and local authorities.
- The National Water Carrier moves water from northern sources to central and southern areas.

Costs, tariffs, and subsidies
- Water is metered and priced, with tariffs set by government ministries. Subsidies support agriculture and remote areas; extraction fees apply to water users.

Wastewater and environmental notes
- Most urban sewage is collected and treated; Tel Aviv’s Dan Region plant is a notable example of reuse.
- Wastewater treatment helps reduce environmental impact and provides water for farming and public works.

Future direction
- Israel aims to continue expanding desalination and wastewater reuse, promote water conservation, and improve water infrastructure to cope with droughts and climate change.