Chu Shi Biao

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Chu Shi Biao: A short, easy-to-understand version

What it is
The Chu Shi Biao (Memorial on Going to War) refers to two writings by Zhuge Liang, Shu’s top adviser, sent to Liu Shan, the Shu emperor. The two memorials were written before major military campaigns during the Three Kingdoms period.

Former Chu Shi Biao (227)
- Why go to war: After earlier defeats, Shu is weak. Zhuge Liang argues that Shu must strike Wei in the north to survive and restore strength.
- Advice on ruling: He urges fair treatment for all ministers, equal rewards and punishments, and welcoming good advice. He says trusted officials should be involved in decisions to improve governance.
- People he names: He highlights loyal ministers Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun, and recommends involving the military figure Xiang Chong.
- Personal history and promise: Zhuge Liang tells of his humble background, the Late Emperor’s trust in him, and his long, careful service. He pledges to do his best to complete the Late Emperor’s mission and to repay kindness to Liu Shan.
- How the mission should proceed: He requests the assignment to eliminate the state’s enemies and restore the Han dynasty, and says he will accept punishment if he fails.

Later Chu Shi Biao (around 228)
- Authorship and doubt: This version is controversial. Many scholars doubt Zhuge Liang wrote it, and it appears only in later sources.
- Main idea: The Han cannot coexist with traitors, so war against the villains is necessary to save the state.
- What it covers: Zhuge Liang describes the hardships he has faced, his doubts about the plan, and why he believes now is the time to strike. He uses historical examples to explain the need for swift action, and he acknowledges past risks and losses.
- Tone: It is seen by some as more earnest and humble than the Former memorial, though its authorship is disputed.
- Ending: He reaffirms his commitment to continue fighting for as long as needed, even to the end of his life.

Famous phrases associated with these writings
- “Han zéi bù liǎng lì” (Han and traitors cannot stand together) — often cited to describe two powers that cannot coexist.
- “jū gōng jìn cuì, sǐ ér hòu yǐ” (to serve the state with utmost dedication, never stopping until death) — a vow of relentless loyalty.