0s

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The 0s refer to AD 1 through AD 9, the first nine years of the Common Era.

In Europe, Rome fought Germanic tribes as part of ongoing campaigns in Germania. Roman generals Vinicius, Tiberius, and Varus led several punitive moves, but in AD 9 Arminius defeated Rome at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. At the same time, Rome battled the Bellum Batonianum in Illyricum against a rebel alliance led by Bato the Daesitiate; the revolt was crushed by AD 9.

In Korea, Daeso, king of Dongbuyeo, invaded Goguryeo in AD 6 with about 50,000 men, but heavy snow forced a retreat, pausing the fighting until the next decade.

In China, the last ruler of the Western Han, Ruzi Ying, was deposed, and Wang Mang established the Xin dynasty.

Literature from the era includes works by the Roman poet Ovid: Ars Amatoria (a three-book instructional poem), Metamorphoses (a mythic history of the world), and Ibis (a curse-poem). Nicolaus of Damascus wrote a 15-volume History of the World.

Estimates put the world population at roughly 170–300 million. In AD 2, China conducted a census reporting about 59.6 million people in roughly 12 million households—one of the era’s most accurate surveys.

Note on the calendar: there is no year zero, so this is one of two “1-to-9” nine-year spans (the other is 0s BC). The Anno Domini system, naming years 1–9, was devised by Dionysius Exiguus in 525 and became common in Christian Europe later. He tied BC 1 to the traditional year of Jesus’s birth, though modern scholars place that event earlier. Leap-year rules in the Julian and later Gregorian calendars mean some sources disagree on the weekday AD 1 began on.

This period marks the first year of the 1st century and the 1st millennium in the Christian/Common Era.